审计署报告：省会城市债务率最高达189%

审计署报告：省会城市债务率最高达189%

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本文来源于新京报　2013年06月28日 03:00我要评论（99）

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有的地方债务率最高达189%，债务偿还过度依赖土地收入，4个省和17个省会城市本级政府负偿还责任的债务余额中，有55%承诺以土地收入偿还，但这些地方2012年需还本付息额已达其可支配土地收入的1.25倍

　　有的地方债务率最高达189%，债务偿还过度依赖土地收入，4个省和17个省会城市本级政府负偿还责任的债务余额中，有55%承诺以土地收入偿还，但这些地方2012年需还本付息额已达其可支配土地收入的1.25倍。——审计署有关部门负责人

　　关键词：地方债

　　36个地区违规集资变相融资2181亿

　　【报告摘要】

　　审计发现，一些地方通过信托、BT（建设-移交）和违规集资等方式变相融资现象突出，采用上述方式融资2180.87亿元（占16%）。审计的地区中，负偿还责任的债务率超过100%的有9个省会城市本级，最高达189%。

　　【典型案例】

　　据媒体报道，去年，安徽省淮南市潘集区推出“创新金融产品”——潘集区基础设施建设投资基金，系“政府支持、财政兜底的政府项目”。代持投资人为潘集区工会，基金规模4亿元，一期2亿，期限2年，每半年结息一次，预期收益率8%。当地教育等部门都曾收到基金募集通知，称是一次福利性待遇。

　　据媒体报道，从2008年至去年，江苏省如皋市经济技术开发区四次向社会借款：第一次借款是2008年，借款期限为期三年；第一年利息为10%，第二年利息为12%，第三年利息为14%；2009年第二次借款，时间长度以及利息与第一次相同；2010年第三次借款，借期两年，利息高达14%；2011年第四次借款，借期两年，第一年利息12%，第二年14%。

　　【问诊】

　　债务偿还过度依赖土地收入

　　新京报：本次审计的36个地区，2012年底的政府性债务余额已达3.85万亿元。这是否表明，全国的地方政府性债务规模非常巨大？

　　审计署有关部门负责人：这次审计的地区数量虽然只有36个，但这些地区2010年底政府性债务余额，已经占到了全国地方政府性债务总额10.72万亿元的31.79%。

　　占比较高的主要原因：一是36个地区所涉及的18个省份中，有8个东部省份、5个中部省份、还有西部的一个直辖市，经济总量和财力水平都比较高，债务规模也比较大；二是这次审计的政府级次，都是省本级或省会城市本级，这两个政府级次也是地方政府性债务规模占比最高的。

　　因此，不能简单地以36个地区占全国地区个数的比重，推算全国地方政府性债务规模情况。

　　新京报：最近两年，各地的地方债发行规模都在上涨，这带来了哪些风险？

　　审计署有关部门负责人：审计报告指出，部分地区和行业债务风险凸显：9个省会城市本级政府负有偿还责任的债务率，已经超过100%，最高达189%，债务偿还过度依赖土地收入，4个省和17个省会城市本级政府负偿还责任的债务余额中，有55%承诺以土地收入偿还，但这些地方2012年需还本付息额已达其可支配土地收入的1.25倍。

　　一些地区通过信托、BT（建设-移交）和违规集资等方式，变相融资问题突出，融资成本普遍高于同期银行贷款利率，如BT融资年利率最高达20%，且不易监管，蕴含新的风险隐患。一些地方还存在违规担保、违规融资、改变债务用途等问题。

　　审议报告提出建议，加快推进改革，健全财权与事权相匹配的财政体制。

　　新京报：那么该如何预防这些风险？

　　审计署有关部门负责人：地方政府性债务查出的问题，必须引起高度重视。应该抓紧建立、完善地方政府性债务规模管理和风险预警机制，实现对地方政府性债务的全口径管理和动态监督。同时进一步清理地方政府的融资平台公司，目前部分融资平台公司质量较差、偿债能力不强。

　　关键词：金融审计

　　银行27分支机构违规放贷284亿

　　【报告摘要】

　　对5家银行贷款投放和3家银行资产负债损益的审计结果表明，27家分支机构向手续不全或担保不合规等项目放贷284.43亿元。此外，还有183.91亿元贷款被客户挪用。

　　【典型案例】

　　●中国农业发展银行辽宁东港市支行原行长李虓等人违法放贷案

　　2007年，李虓及该支行原副行长岳富春等人，违反信贷审批程序发放贷款2亿多元，部分信贷资产面临损失风险。2011年5月，审计署将此案件线索移送公安部查处。2012年12月，辽宁省义县人民法院以违法发放贷款罪分别判处李虓有期徒刑2年（缓刑3年），岳富春有期徒刑1年6个月（缓刑2年），并各处罚金10万元。

　　●建银国际（中国）有限公司原董事长张传斌内幕交易案

　　2010年7月至2011年3月，张传斌在策划厦门翔鹭石化公司借壳上市方案过程中，涉嫌利用知悉的内幕信息，通过出让股权收益权向内部人员输送巨额利益。2011年9月，审计署将此案件线索移送中央纪委监察部查处。2012年10月，北京市二中院以内幕交易罪判处张传斌有期徒刑3年（缓刑4年）。

　　●招商证券公司投资银行部原执行董事李黎明涉嫌内幕交易案

　　去年审计查出，招商证券公司投资银行部原执行董事李黎明在负责发行债券和保荐上市业务期间，假借需第三方财务顾问或利用“关系资源”承揽项目之名，虚构中介业务，通过其控制公司骗取中介费近3000万元，还违规持有拟上市公司股权，涉嫌内幕交易。

　　关键词：财政资金

　　去年37.7亿元车辆购置税闲置

　　【报告摘要】

　　中央本级财政资金闲置较多。公共财政预算中，近5%的收入不能统筹使用，仅车辆购置税就结余37.7亿元，104个部门本级结余结转396.4亿元。

　　【问诊】

　　财政资金预算编制不够细化

　　新京报：财政资金效益不高也是老问题。比如中央本级财政资金，闲置问题突出，仅车辆购置税一项，去年就结余37.7亿元。资金闲置问题为什么屡查屡犯？

　　审计署有关部门负责人：中央部门财政资金存在一定的累计结转结余问题，除了历史资金结存较多，需要逐年消化外，主要原因还有预算编制不够细化，项目前期准备不是很充分，一些预算安排的项目，当年不具备条件，获得财政拨款后难以安排使用。

　　解决中央财政资金闲置问题，还是要细化预算编制，完善中央项目储备库制度，深入定员定额改革，做到确有需要、确可执行，才安排预算。逐步推行绩效评价机制，加大效益审计力度。

　　地方债审计情况

　　3.85万亿元

　　截至2012年底，36个地方政府债务余额已接近3.85万亿元，比2010年增加4409.81亿元，增长12.94%。其中银行贷款占78.07%。

　　20%

　　债务增长率超过20%的有4个省和8个省会城市本级，最高达65%。

　　55%

　　4个省和17个省会城市本级政府负偿还责任的债务余额中，有55%承诺以土地收入偿还，但土地出让收入增幅下降，偿债压力加大。

　　817.67亿元

　　2011年至2012年，地方有关部门违规为817.67亿元债务提供担保。

　　国有金融机构审计情况

　　284.43亿元

　　27家银行分支机构向手续不全或担保不合规等项目放贷284.43亿元。

　　183.91亿元

　　183.91亿元贷款被客户挪用，22亿元转入民间金融市场，用于高利转贷或归还民间借款。

(来源：新京报)

中国多地深陷债务泥潭 部分地方财政告急收不抵支(图)

京港台时间：2013/6/26  消息来源：21世纪经济报道  网友评论 4 条

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中国多地深陷债务泥潭 部分地方财政告急收不抵支(图) 　　多省市财政部门的人士近期异常忙碌。 　　这些人近期分赴各地市县只有一个目标：加强收入征管，确保上半年收支预算“双过半”。 　　“难度非常大，现在要完成年度目标，只有看下半年了。”某地财政系统人士说。 　　本报记者获悉，由于经济放缓一些，全国相当多地区的财政收入目标未达到年度预期，仅从前5个月地方财政收支来看，如果不算上中央对地方的转移支付，不少地方出现了较大的收不抵支的情况。 　　其中内蒙古、陕西、河南、辽宁等地均表现明显。部分地区财政收入甚至接近于零增长，这与两位数财政收入增长目标，差距甚大。 　　对此，全国人大财经委副主任郝如玉指出，现在看减少行政支出和投资支出很有必要。“一些不必要的支出，我们要把它严格控制下来，比如近几年严格控制的“三公”支出、行政经费的支出。我们政府这么庞大，用的钱这么多，楼堂馆所的支出比”三公“经费还要大。”他在近期举行的第七届中国经济增长与周期论坛上说。 　　部分地方财政收支告急 　　记者了解到，受经济放缓的影响，目前不少地区的财政收入增速和进度远远低于预期，不算中央转移支付的因素，收不抵支的情况明显，为此各地开始加强税收征管力度。 　　其中内蒙古、陕西、河南、辽宁等多个省市明显。 　　其中内蒙古1-5月地方财政总收入1073.34亿元，同比仅仅增长0.1%。这大大低于内蒙古确定的2013年地方财政总收入增长14%的目标。 　　内蒙古地区1-5月，全区公共财政预算收入702.59亿元，而全区公共财政预算支出为1190.52亿元。 　　同样，辽宁2013年公共财政预算收入增长目标是11%，但是2013年1-5月份全省公共财政预算收入完成1342.8亿元，仅仅增长5.2%。全省1-5月公共财政预算支出完成1600.6亿元，增长17.2%。 　　对此，内蒙古财政科学研究所所长史生荣指出，对于地方财政收入目前暂时不如支出的情况，不必太紧张。原因是，中央还有一部分转移支付将给地方。这样从全年角度看，地方财政收支总体是平衡的。 　　“下半年财政收入会好些，但是要完成全年目标仍有压力。”他说。 　　此前内蒙古财政厅在5月上中旬组成10个组，督促各地确保完成“时间过半、任务过半”的目标任务。5月24日，内蒙古财政厅办公会议，再次明确要求努力实现全年财政收入目标任务。5月份内蒙古政府办公厅转发了《关于狠抓财政增收节支有关事宜的通知》。 　　中国社科院财经战略研究院院长高培勇认为，地方营业税改增值税还会使得地方短期减少财政收入，地方需要防止因为完不成财政收入目标而征收过头税的情况发生。 　　减少政府支出日益迫切 　　截至5月底，全国累计财政收入56214亿元，比去年同期增长6.6％，低于8%的目标，增速为支出的一半。尽管目前全国财政收抵仍高于支出，但是长期持续下去，迟早有收不入支的情况发生，而这意味着财政政策面临新的调整。 　　为此全国人大财经委副主任郝如玉指出，今年财政收入进入到“十”时代，在钱不够花时有几种选择，可以通过加税，增加财政赤字、增加发债等办法来解决。但是这些办法不可取。 　　他认为，应该减少财政支出，尤其是政府“三公”支出、行政经费的支出，以及地方政府经营性投资支出。 　　政府征税需要全国人大立法许可，目前19个税种中，仅仅有3个属于人大立法许可，其余的仅仅是国务院的法规和条例，所以下一步强化依法治国、依法治税方面，显得很重要。 　　厦门大学经济学院副院长李文溥认为，财政收入放慢并不是坏事。原因是，控制财政收入的增长速度，有利于提高居民的收入水平。 　　据悉，2000年狭义财政收入占GDP比重是13.5%，到2012年上升到22.6%，但是如果算上土地出让金收入、国有企业利润，2007年政府收入占到GDP已经达到40%以上。而从1994年到2006年12年中，党政机关和社会团体的人数每年平均增长1.5%，行政管理费用每年递增22.04%，这说明政府行政开支太大。 　　“就是说，我们行政管理费用是超过同期的人均GDP增长1倍以上的，政府的这种自我膨胀能力是非常之大的。”李文溥认为，适当控制财政收入的增长速度，非常有必要。

Rising sea cucumber prices drive cultivation

Rising sea cucumber prices drive cultivation

World Headlines Times are changing for mussels US catfish industry legend dies Marine Harvest divests Cermaq... FIUN fishery gets MSC... Wallace joins American Pride... New partners to tackle gluten-free... Tradex gets RFM certified, seeks... Though not mandated, processing... India’s seafood exports hit record... Bumble Bee launches SuperFresh... Jail time for Trident embezzler Tasmanian seafood sector value... GM seafood: Love or hate it, you... Norway buys control of Cermaq Korean Air bans shark fin cargo

By Mark Godfrey, SeafoodSource contributing editor reporting from Beijing, China
09 August, 2012 - Strong demand for sea cucumber (also known as beche mere) is driving investment in the sector in China, say analysts monitoring key cultivators. While a large-scale southern sea cucumber harvest this spring pulled the price down from RMB 216 per kilogram to RMB 160 kilograms. However, prices will increase in the second half of the year predicts Sun Xia, aquatic industry analyst at Guo Hai Securities Co.

With prices rising to RMB 200 per kilogram, “earnings growth can be expected,” said Sun. Colder fall and winter weather drives an increased demand for dietary supplements “… and there are more festivals in these two seasons, therefore the demand for sea cucumber will rise,” explained Sun.

Among the key cultivators, Dalian Yi Qiao Marine Seeds Co. Ltd has been busy raising finances to expand its cultivation operations. It should be in for a boost as sea cucumber prices rise in the latter half of this year. Yi Qiao in June announced it would issue shares to raise RMB 798 million to add 14,000 acres of production, as well as a 80,000-cubic-meter plant for sea cucumber seedling cultivation. By the end of 2012 the company will have at least 2.6 million mu (15 mu equals one hectare) under cultivation with plans to add 30,000 mu early next year. 

Listed on the Shenzhen stock exchange, Yi Qiao Marine Seeds drew 86.1 percent of revenue from shellfish seedling, with a gross margin of 59.4 percent.

However, the firm is keen to add more sea cucumber cultivation, given gross margins of up to 87.6 percent, according to company records.
Sea cucumber prices in Weihai seafood wholesale markets rose from RMB 170 per kilogram to RMB 180 per kilogram in July, according to research by Qi Lu Securities. The firm predicts prices will climb to RMB 200 per kilogram in the latter half year of 2012.

The Dalian-based Homey Group International in the past year built an offshore artificial reef for cultivating sea cucumber by throwing 150,000 cubic meters of stone in 1,000 acres of sea. “The culture grounds can provide sea cucumber over 5 millions in one season,” explained a company spokesperson.

Another explanation for higher demand, says Sun Xia, is an expected shortage of supply in autumn given the fall off in supply from Southern China after the key spring harvest. 

“Southern sea cucumber producers have not solved the problem of how to cultivate in warmer summer weather … therefore we still only have one season per year.”  

Despite optimism on prices, beche mere producers also face potential risks, including a downturn of the sea cucumber demand and price due to a weaker Chinese economy. Any increase in yields is also threatened by the “fluctuation of the survival rate and potential risk of water pollution and extreme natural disasters.”

Local producers also face competition from better quality wild imports, particularly from Alaska and Canada. Demand remains strong for wild Alaska sea cucumbers, which are typically larger and have higher nutritional value than farmed Chinese sea cucumbers.



sector Seasonality

SEASONALITY

Seasonality  |  Seasonal Investing  |  Combining Seasonal Investing With Technical Analysis

Seasonality refers to particular time frames when stocks/sectors/indices are subjected to and influenced by recurring tendencies that produce patterns that are apparent in the investment valuation.   Tendencies can range from weather events (temperature in winter vs. summer, probability of inclement conditions, etc.) to calendar events (quarterly reporting expectations, announcements, etc.).   The key is that the tendency is recurring and provides a sustainable probability of performing in a manner consistent to previous results.

Identified below are the periods of seasonal strength for each market segment, as identified by Brooke Thackray.   Each bar will indicate a buy and sell date based upon the optimal holding period for each market sector/index.

Entry and exit points provided by Thackray’s Investor’s Guide.

A seasonality study preferably uses at least 10 years of data. Most of our studies use 10-20 years of data, however, data may not always be available for periods greater than 10 years in length.   Studies using less than ten years of data can be used, but they tend to be less reliable. Results of shorter term studies have a higher chance of being skewed by a single data point.

Seasonal Patterns Say to Buy Gold, Sell Semiconductors

Why July 12 could be the day to pile into GLD

Jun 20, 2013, 9:29 am EDT  |  By Daniel Putnam, InvestorPlace Contributor

Market seasonality is notoriously fickle, but it nonetheless captures the imaginations of traders — especially when a trend can be summed up with a pithy rhyme such as “Sell in May and go away.”Still, these seasonal trends can sometimes be useful because they show a central tendency that has played out over time.

And right now, history indicates two important recent moves might be close to running their course.

Gold

The chart below, courtesy of Equity Clock, aggregates the 20 years of gold’s price movements into a single chart. It’s notable that so far this year, the metal has held more or less true to form. After initial strength out of the gate, gold began to lose ground in February-March en route to a negative second quarter. Now, it has entered what is typically a strong period: mid-June to mid-July. If the seasonal trends hold, gold will bounce from its current support of $1,300, retest the low, then reach its low for the year in late summer/early fall — setting the stage for a rally in the fall.

This might help provide a roadmap of how to approach the SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) exchange-traded fund in the months ahead: Specifically, don’t assume that any bounce off of its current level represents the end of the downturn.

In all likelihood, another flush-out will occur before a more sustainable recovery gets underway.Gold stocks, for their part, have averaged a second-half low in the first week of August.

Semiconductors

Another sector that bears watching is semiconductors, which have been on a huge run as of late. Year-to-date, iShares PHLX SOX Semiconductor Sector Index Fund (SOXX) has returned more than 25%, with certain stocks — such as Micron (MU, +117%) and Advanced Micro Devices(AMD, +70%) — knocking the cover off the ball. But now, the sector is entering a time of year when profit-taking might be in order.

The seasonal chart of the SOX Index below shows that semis typically hit a short-term peak in July — a move that appears to be happening a few weeks early this month.

Over time, this move has proven to be a false breakout and a predecessor to the weakest part of the year for semiconductors. This could be a sign that it might not hurt to cash in some gains here rather than trying to squeeze out a few extra percentage points.

What the Charts Say about Biotechs, Energy and Utilities

Equity Clock is a treasure trove for investors with a technical bent, as it can generate seasonal charts on just about any index or individual stock. This page, which shows the ideal buy and sell points for each sector of the U.S. market over the past 20 years, is especially worth a look. Some key points immediately jump off of this page:

• June is one of the worst months to buy into just about any area of the market, with few sectors in the “sweet spot.”
• Having said this, biotechs stand out from the crowd as being one of the few sectors to buy at this time of year. According to the chart, the period from June 23 to Sept. 13 has been the optimal time to own biotechs. This might be a signal that it’s nearing time to buy iShares Nasdaq Biotechnology Index Fund (IBB), which is off 5.2% from its May 16 high.
• Following biotechs, the next sectors in line for seasonal strength are gold (July 12), utilities (July 17) and energy (July 24). Utilities might be one to watch, as the Utilities SPDR (XLU) has shed 7.4% since April 30.

A Final Thought

Seasonality alone is never a reason to make an investment, or even a trade. Each year brings a different set of circumstances, with this year’s wrinkle being the day-to-day volatility surrounding the potential for Fed tapering. Still, these charts can serve as an additional tool to help traders improve their timing.

As of this writing, Daniel Putnam did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities.

海参

发布时间：2005/6/1 7:40:00    来源：    编辑：谢雪琴    我来说两句(0)

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中国水产门户网报道:     英文名:  Sea Cucumber     俗名:  海参，加州海参，beche-de-mere。     产地及产期:     缅因州，阿拉斯加州，加利福尼亚州，华盛顿州。     介绍:     　　全球海参年捕捞量约为10万吨，大部分来自西太平洋和鳊洋。这种行动缓慢的棘皮类动物的肌肉是中国和亚洲烹调中的一个主要成分。 　　海参外形扁平，如胶状，长度大约为10厘米，但它们可伸展到约50厘米。它们以微生物为食。有的海参可依靠枝状的触须来帮助移动。当受惊时，海参能喷出它们的内脏来阻止攻击者。全球大约有400多种海参，然而只有十多种具有商业捕捞价值。 　　虽然美国不是海参的主要生产国，但美国北方的冷浅水湾仍有中等规模的海参资源。潜水员和渔民在那里可以捕捞到数种海参。从20世纪90年代中期开始，美国海参的年捕捞量已大幅增长至3500吨。几乎所有产品都经加工并出口中国。 　　在西海岸和阿拉斯加，渔民捕捞红海参（Parastichopus califomi-cus）。这种海参又称为加州海参。在阿拉斯加和华盛顿州的普捷湾，海参由潜水员捕捞。在加州，海参由潜水员和小型拖网渔船捕捞。在阿拉斯加东北部，海参多在秋季和初冬季节捕捞。在阿拉斯加中南部的考地岩柯岛（Kodiak Island），海参在10月至4月间捕捞。近几年红海参平均年捕捞量约为1200吨。 　　产自缅因水域的海参捕捞量近年来急速上升，至1998年达到创纪录的2500吨，而1997年只有450吨。从格陵兰到马萨褚塞的西大西洋水域大约有十多只渔船捕捞产自这一水域的北大西洋海参（Cucumaria frondosa）这些渔船大部分小于20米，使用小捞网从10至70米深的海水中捕捞海参。 　　缅因水域捕捞期通常在10月至6月间。渔民按捕捞的箱数出售，每箱约70公斤海参。通常每个渔民每天可捕捞70至120箱海参。 　　渔民和潜水员将活海参运至加工厂。加工人员将海参肉和海参皮手工分离。海参肉冷冻后以真空包装成每包2磅（0.9公斤），再装成20磅（9公斤）装的大包。海参皮煮熟干燥后装入60磅（27.2公斤）的纱袋中。 　　海参可食用和药用。在中国和香港，海参是常见食品，通常加在汤中。海参是宴会和正式聚会时常见菜肴。在全世界，海参的提取物（sea chondorin）可用于治疗关节炎它有助于恢复动物和人体软骨的生长。

辽参,加拿大参,俄罗斯参,日本红参,长岛参 哪种营养更高?

2012-9-16 11:29| 发布者: admin| 查看: 1162| 评论: 0|来自: 长岛海参

摘要: 这个问题也是老百姓困扰的问题，现在专家给你解开真相： 4月2日，记者来到几家烟台海参专卖商场，以“顾客”身份购买了辽参、加拿大参、俄罗斯参、日本红参、长岛参共五种干海参样本，每个样本各100g，用食品专用袋 ...

这个问题也是老百姓困扰的问题，现在专家给你解开真相：        4月2日，记者来到几家烟台海参专卖商场，以“顾客”身份购买了辽参、加拿大参、俄罗斯参、日本红参、长岛参共五种干海参样本，每个样本各100g，用食品专用袋包装好，特别委托烟台大学食品检测检验中心进行了营养成分检测。 　　据了解，烟台大学食品检测检验中心作为专业从事食品营养成分与功能因子检测技术、食品质量安全检测技术的科学研究机构，主要研究食品营养成分与功能因子检测技术和方法；食品安全领域中有害化学物质的检测技术和方法；与食品质量和安全相关的微生物、病毒、寄生虫等生物性污染物的检测技术和方法。        海参只有编号没标产地共检测四项营养成份含量 　　为保证检测结果的公正，我们只给海参编了号，没有注明产地，也就是说，检测人员也不知道这些海参的真正产地。五种海参的编号分别为：1号以大连獐子岛为代表的辽参，2号以加拿大为代表的北美参，3号以俄罗斯为代表的东欧参，4号以长岛为代表的本地参，5号为日本红参。 　　烟台大学食品检测检验中心主任殷军港博士告诉记者：蛋白营养分析显示，无论氨基酸含量或是氨基酸组成，海参中的含量并不比干贝丁或紫贻贝更好，其氨基酸化学评分甚至低于鸡蛋，惟其体内的少量多糖、水溶性多肽为其特有成分。有研究者认为，海参的特殊营养和医疗保健作用，主要缘于其体内的海参多糖而非蛋白。近代医学研究的确发现，海参中的黏多糖有明显的增加白细胞作用，具有显著的抗肿瘤功能。 　　因此，检测以“海参内含有益于人体的营养物质”为主要目标，而不对其他微量成分进行检测，共检测了总蛋白、总脂肪、总多糖、总多糖中糖基（以岩藻糖计）共四大项能够被人体吸收的主要营养成份含量。通过含量对比，即可得出五大产地海参的营养价值。 　　总多糖含量长岛参居首位本地参较进口参更有营养 　　经过半个月时间的检测，4月17日，检测结果出来了。 　　表一样本报告对比显示，每100g长岛参有机质含量分别为：总蛋白79.82g，总脂肪 2.769g，总 多糖21.46 g，糖基48%，医学界公认的对人体最有价值、也最关健的“总多糖”一项含量，长岛参位居榜首；产地为大连獐子岛的辽参排名第二，日本参次之，然后是俄罗斯参，多糖含量最小则为加拿大参。 　　数字是最有力的说明，表一的检测表明，近来市场上倍受追捧的所谓的“加拿大、美国海参营养优于本地海参”的说法不攻自破，海参中最有价值的多糖一项，每百克加拿大参比长岛参低了整整8.26g，比辽参也低了4.08g。 　　早在几年前，日本红参抢滩中国市场时，同样以“营养高、无污染”的说法见诸坊间，本次检测表明，日本红参的各项指标也低于以长岛参为代表的本地参，其中多糖低于长岛参4.43g，低于辽参1.15g；但高于加拿大参、俄罗斯参。 　　按照国家通用的盐渍海参标准，允许添加适量的灰分，因此，本次检测的五种不同产地的干海参，附带检测的还有其中“灰分”含量，此指标直接表明该产地海参加工质量如何。从表二数据中“灰分”一栏数据可以看出：1号（獐子岛）26.78g，2号（加拿大）43.17g，3号（俄罗斯）35.42g，4号（长岛）43.15g，5号（日本）47.43g。        相比之下，在同样重量的干海参中，加工过程因参而异，添加物含量也不同。此次送检的样品，辽参所添加的灰分最小，俄罗斯次之，长岛排名第三，加拿大第四。而表面看上去根本没有添加灰分的日本红参，据检测人员检测，其加工过程中添加了“糖”，为灰分含量之最。        辽参市场知名度更高价格远高于了本地参 　　有调查显示，前几年就开始打市场作品牌的辽参在北京、上海等地消费者中，认可程度较高，知名度也高于烟威地区出产的海参。本次检测结果表明，每百克长岛参的多糖含量高于辽参4.18g，也就是说每公斤烟台产海参的多糖含量，整整高出辽参41.8g；每百克总蛋白含量则高出27.55g，总脂肪含量高出0.666g，糖基指标则同样为48%。 　　但遗憾的是，辽参在市场的运作与推广上，起步早、起点高，且以统一名称“辽参”为战略，迅速在一些大城市打出了名堂，翻阅这些城市中大酒店的菜谱可以发现，以每盅（个）为单位的辽参，多则398元，少则198元，价格远远高于了烟威等地海参的身价，为其产业带来了巨大的市场空间与利润。        长岛的野生海参由于产量少，宣传力度不够，所以在老百姓的心中品牌不响，但是质量是非常的好的。        本文网址：海参的营养价值 http://www.smyuan.com/

山东日照：海参养殖成风 增产却不增收

山东日照：海参养殖成风 增产却不增收

2012年11月19日 来源：齐鲁晚报 责任编辑：chendanmin

　　11月16日上午,两城镇王家滩一海参养殖户正在收捞海参。　

　　三农直通车综合报道：近几年，海参养殖挺赚钱，使得不少养殖户和企业把眼光投向这一行业，山东日照市东港区两城镇的参池面积因此扩张。而今年的海参长势良好，更是让养殖户开心。但没想到的是，与去年同期相比，今年的成品海参价格平均下降约三成；原本来自南方的海参苗收购商,也迟迟不来,订单大量减少。两城镇的养殖户们,心里正忐忑着。　

　　海参丰产不丰收　养殖户很忧愁　

　　来自青岛的薛万里,曾做过七八年的水产生意,去年他了解到海参市场生意不错,于是今年在日照市两城镇承包120亩地,改造成三个大池塘进行海参养殖。“今年的气候和水质特别适合海参成长,加上饲料营养配备比较好,所以我家海参苗长势非常好,单个海参重量一周就可以翻一倍。”他说。　

　　记者走访其他养殖户了解到,他们的海参同样生长得不错,一千斤海参苗有的能出产到一万斤,相比于去年的四五千斤,海参出产量几乎翻一番。　

　　海参虽然丰产,但并没有让养殖户高兴多少。薛先生告诉记者,出售的海参分为成品参和海参苗,今年海参价格和去年同期相比跌惨了,五六头一斤的成品海参去年卖130元/斤,今年降到了80元/斤；三四百头一斤的海参苗去年卖220元/斤,今年降到了120元/斤；而一千头一斤的海参苗种从去年的350元/斤,降到今年的135元/斤。与去年相比,今年海参均价下降近30%。海参养殖第一年就遭遇价格大跌。薛先生说,幸亏产量高,整体上并不会赔钱。　

　　客户迟迟不来　海参订单大量减少　

　　以往进入10月份,南方养殖户就会成群结队地来到两城订购海参苗,他们将这些海参苗带回南方,进行短期养殖后,第二年三四月份这些海参苗就能变成重达三四两的海参,在市场上作为鲜参销售或者做成礼品参。　

　　而今年,客户们比往年少了很多,而且也来得晚了。记者现场采访时,正好遇到了三个从福建过来买参苗的商人。“由于去年养的人太多了,加上水质不好引起海参大规模生病,今年春天赔得太惨了,所以伙伴们都抱有观望态度。熬到现在我们三个才下了决心过来。”做海参养殖已经四年的苏先生告诉记者。　

　　三个人告诉记者,他们去年10月份进的海参苗是135元一斤,今年三四月份卖的时候行情是50元至52元一斤,加上饲料、药品、管理等成本,每斤赔钱90元左右。　

　　一同过来的蔡先生去年是第一年养,“去年我贷款投入了将近三百万,只收回来一百万,海参池转让也没人要,只能硬着头皮再拼一年,今年要是再赔钱,我就从这里跳下去。”蔡先生指着参塘苦涩地对记者开着玩笑。　

　　参池成倍扩张　

　　拉低海参价格　

　　“前两年养海参挺赚钱,所以大家都投资,造成今年海参种植面积呈爆发性增长。”在日照从事水产药品销售已有5年的梁照才告诉记者,两城镇今年有近三千亩海参池,其中超过八成是今年新上的。“有的区域,养殖面积甚至成十倍以上增长,造成这个行业过饱和。”　

　　他认为,大规模的扩张加上今年海参出产量高,促使整个海参市场供大于求,因此价格整体滑坡。　

　　 而另一种怪象却让人惊叹，经过记者走访新玛特等几个购物商城，发现虽然养殖户的海参售价低廉，但是超市的售卖价格却并不低,在新玛特水产品销售区的海参展柜里,只放上了十几只海参,标价130元一斤,远远高于养殖户销售的七八十元一斤。专柜售货员告诉记者,海参的销售并不好,很少有顾客问津,有时一整天都不开张。

　　>>>三农科技，更多致富经等你来取

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Seaweed, Urchin Promise New Aquaculture Opportunities

by Laurie Schreiber

Sarah Redmond, a Maine Sea Grant extension associate working at the Franklin-based Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research to develop seaweed culture. Laurie Schrieber Photo

ROCKPORT—Aquaculture specialists are developing seaweed and urchin culture techniques to expand farm-raised seafood opportunities for the state.

The Maine Aquaculture Association (MAA) hosted a seminar on the topic at the Maine Fishermen’s Forum last month. The MAA, in cooperation with the University of Maine, Maine Sea Grant, the Island Institute and Coastal Enterprises will offer training programs in seaweed and mussel aquaculture this year. 

Maine is one of the leading producers of cultured seafood in the country, and the MAA is the oldest state aquaculture trade associations in the country. 

Sarah Redmond, a Maine Sea Grant extension associate working at the Franklin-based Center for Cooperative Aquaculture (CCAR), said there are signs of a shift in popular perception about seaweed, which is increasingly viewed as a new vegetable.

Sea vegetable species that can grow in Maine include laver, nori, dulse, Irish moss, gracilaria, sugar kelp, horsetail kelp, winged kelp and sea lettuce. Sea vegetables are high in nutrients and protein, she said. One Maine company is offering cut, blanched, and frozen sea vegetables that are ready to take out of the bag and throw into a recipe.

A type of kelp farm that has been tested consists of long lines submerged seven feet down. Seed is planted along the lines in the fall. The kelp grows rapidly and is ready to harvest in the spring. It’s an ideal off-season crop, Redmond said.

“It’s the only vegetable in Maine that grows in the winter,” she said.

Experiments are ongoing to integrate kelp culture at a mussel farm, she said. 

Nori is a huge worldwide industry, she said. Dulse is also a valuable species.

Seaweed can also be used for “ecosystem services,” she said.

“You can grow seaweed in areas where you have nutrient excess to capture nutrients and clean up the water,” she said, citing as an example wastewater treatment outflow areas.

Seaweed culture is expected to open economic opportunities for the state of Maine, she said.

Redmond said she will be heading this year to Korea to learn how they culture seaweed and sea cucumber. The latter could be another opportunity for Maine, she said.

According to CCAR, sea vegetable aquaculture is a relatively new industry in the United States, and Maine is at the forefront of developments. 

“Sea vegetables are a $6 billion market worldwide and Maine’s cold, clean ocean waters produce a high quality wild harvest that is highly sought after,” CCAR says on its website.

The CCAR sea vegetable research program is focused on building infrastructure in Maine to encourage use of sea vegetables in integrated polytrophic aquaculture, with field trials of sugar kelp on shellfish lease sites. CCAR is also establishing a spore seed-stock nursery for multiple species, such as laver, dulse and kelps. 

CCAR is also looking into the use of cultured seaweeds as a feed source for other crops, such as the green sea urchin.

One man pointed out that processing, marketing and monetizing the products will be issues.

“There’s no question that we have a ways to go,” said MAA executive director Sebastian Belle. “We have at least two, maybe three companies in Maine that have developed significant markets. On the new species that are coming on, there’s a period where you get the growing piece of it together and then you have to figure out the marketing piece….We do probably need more effort put in to marketing studies in the U.S.”

Stephen Eddy, a CCAR biologist reported on progress on urchin culture at the center. Urchins are valued, particulary in Japan, their tasty roe, called uni. 

Stephen Eddy, a biologist at the Franklin-based Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research, discusses urchin culture. Laurie Schrieber Photo

“It’s a valuable product,” said Eddy. “At auction, it goes from $80 to $300 per kilogram. Japan is a good market. Maine played a significant role in that market in the 1990s. There was a fishing boom.”

Maine’s catch peaked at 39 million pounds in 1993, worth around $40 million, second only to lobster. The fishery then crashed, and settled in at 2 million pounds per year, worth about $5 million per year. 

Japan in previous times had also crashed its urchin fishery, and then developed hatcheries.

That country now cultures about five species. The methods they developed have been adopted for at least 16 species in more than a dozen countries, said Eddy.

Two urchin hatcheries currently function in the Gulf of Maine, one in New Hampshire and and the one at CCAR, in Franklin, which was established 2007. CCAR’s output now is about 2 million seeds per year, a figure that could be scaled up, said Eddy.

By contrast, Japan has 42 hatcheries that produce 82 million seeds, which are planted at more than 700 sites.

“Many academic and industry experts believe that aquaculture may play a valuable role in revitalizing this fishery,” CCAR says. Developed with partners in New Hampshire and Maine, CCAR has year-round spawning ability and the capacity for large-scale juvenile production, and has demonstrated cage-based nursery growout, tested various planting-out strategies, carried out feed trials, and tested different methods for growout.

Sea Cucumbers in Maine

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE RESOURCES

Sea Cucumbers in Maine Fishery and Biology Stanley Chenoweth & Jay McGowan Maine Department of Marine Resources INTRODUCTION A new delicacy from the Gulf of Maine is tickling the taste buds of Asian consumers. Sea cucumbers, sometimes called "pickles", belong to a group of animals that include the starfish, sand dollars and sea urchins, and there is very little in their appearance that would suggest seafood. The meat, however, which includes the body wall and longitudinal muscles, is highly prized in the markets of the far east and this has made the sea cucumber the latest in developing fisheries along the Maine coast. Worldwide, sea cucumbers have been harvested for many years, particularly in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. World landings amounted to almost 200 million pounds in 1989, about 5 million pounds of which came from the west coast of North America. The rapid development of the sea cucumber fishery in Maine has raised a question similar to the one raised about the sea urchin fishery. How should we be harvesting this resource to ensure a continuous supply in the future? The answer will be difficult to come by. Just as the sea cucumber has been ignored as a commercial product in the past, it has been ignored as a subject of study by fishery scientists. Our knowledge of the biology of sea cucumbers and how their populations will respond to fishing is rudimentary at best. For the time being, however, the sea cucumber offers a new economic opportunity for Maine's fishing industry. THE FISHERY The sea cucumber fishery and processing industry in Maine is a very recent development and it is believed to be the first time our local species has been used as a commercial product. It began in 1988 as a small operation in the eastern Maine community of Steuben for a period of five or six months. Although brief, this operation is said to have generated employment for 150 people. Later, in 1991, an experimental project was conducted by Dr. Alfred Bushway of the University of Maine and Pete Collin of Coastwide Research in Stonington who measured various parts of the sea cucumber for protein content. Landings and Value The fishery began in earnest in 1994 with the sudden availability of foreign markets. It is still small relative to other more established fisheries, but it is developing rapidly. About 3 million pounds were landed during 1994, with a landed value of around $150,000. Presently 9 or 10 boats are involved in the fishery, all from eastern Maine. Sea cucumbers are landed whole in fish totes and the fishermen are paid by the tote rather than by weight. A fish tote holds between 130 and 150 pounds of cucumbers, but due to the composition of the animal much of the weight is sea water. Generally, the final product will be only about 10% of the original body weight if all usable parts are marketed. The price during 1994 ranged from six to eight dollars per tote, or about five to six cents per pound. Sea cucumbers are presently harvested over rocky bottoms in nearshore waters of eastern Maine. Large, dense beds of animals are reported to be in the area and obviously reflect a virgin population. Most of the harvesting is done in eastern Maine because at the present time that is where the processors are located. Harvestable sea cucumber populations, however, are also reported to be found in other nearshore locations along the coast. The scallop drag is the gear used to harvest cucumbers, although diving would also be a potential harvesting method. The boats and gear used are the same type employed in the scallop fishery; the boats vary in size between forty and ninety feet. A typical days catch ranges between 70 and 200 totes per day. Although sea cucumbers "on the hoof" are a very low priced resource, the processing can be labor intensive and therefore there is considerable opportunity for employment in this fishery and value added to the final product. Products and the Market In Maine, sea cucumbers are handled in two ways. They may be loaded onto refrigerated trucks at the dock and shipped to Seattle where they are processed, or they are processed in Maine and the product shipped to the far east. In 1994 there were three companies in eastern Maine that processed sea cucumbers. Collectively they employed about 140 people. Given the market potential, the processing capacity will probably expand in the future. In Maine, a common method of processing is to scrape off and wash the muscles and then vacuum pack and flash freeze the product for shipment to markets. Another type involves cutting the animal open and removing the viscera, while leaving the muscles attached. The cucumber is then dried in this form and shipped. This product can be re-hydrated and used as fresh. Processors that use only the muscles removed from the bodies are faced with large amounts of waste, as the muscles only account for three to five per cent of body weight. Disposal of this waste is difficult and can be expensive. The skins are a major portion of this waste. A recently found alternative use of the skin is as a protein supplement in animal feeds, as well as a specialized fertilizer. The market for Maine cucumbers is in China and to a lesser extent in other countries of the far east. Most of the world's production of cucumbers is imported by Hong Kong and Singapore and in turn exported to China. The most important product on the world market is the dried body wall of the cucumber which is consumed in China as "trepang" or "beche-de-mere". It is used in soups or stir-fries. There is also demand for just the muscle, raw and flash frozen. BIOLOGY Sea cucumbers belong to a group of echinoderms called holothurians. They are sluggish, tube-shaped, bottom dwelling animals that are found worldwide. There are several species of holothurians in the Gulf of Maine but the one most commonly found nearshore, Cucumaria frondosa, is the subject of this new fishery. C. frondosa is a cold water animal found along the western Atlantic coast from Greenland to the northern shore of Cape Cod. In the Gulf of Maine it can be one of the most abundant benthic animals found over rocky bottoms and in some local areas may account for 50% of the benthic biomass. It is most common in depths of less than 100 feet of water and it prefers to cling to hard surfaces, but can be found in coarse gravel or shell debris. C. frondosa does look very much like a cucumber (Figure 1). It has a long, cylindrical body with greenish to brownish, leathery skin and five rows of tube feet which are used for locomotion and attachment. At one end is a mouth with a circle of branching tentacles and at the other an anal opening. The animal lays on its side so the ventral side, which comes in contact with the bottom, has well developed tube feet for attachment, while on the dorsal side the tube feet are less developed. The body is extremely flexible and can be tightened into a knot when stressed or loosened into a long tube when relaxed. The relaxed bodies of larger individuals may reach almost 20 inches. The internal organs of the cucumber lay within the tube-like body chamber surrounded by the skin and a layer of longitudinal muscle bands. It is the skin and muscle bands that are the edible part of the animal. The internal organs consist of the digestive system for food processing, the gonad for reproduction, the respiratory trees for the removal of oxygen from the water, and a nerve ring that directs the operation of the muscles and tentacles. The cucumber is capable of eviscerating (casting off) its internal body organs during times of stress which can later be regenerated. The sea cucumber is a non-selective suspension feeder, taking its food indiscriminately from the surrounding water. The small bits of detritus and microscopic organisms that are floating just above the bottom are trapped by the cucumber's tentacles. There are ten tentacles that are covered with a sticky mucous and are extended in the water until they are filled with food particles. One at a time the tentacles are then placed in the mouth opening where the food material is scraped off. When feeding, the animal always orients itself into the prevailing water current in order to take full advantage of the available food supply. The sexes are separate, but microscopic examination of the gonad is the only reliable way to distinguish males from females. The gonad is located along one side of the body cavity and begins to produce eggs or sperm in the fall for the next spring's spawning season. Spawning occurs from about late March to mid-April and coincides with the spring plankton bloom. At this time the eggs and sperm are released into the water column where the eggs are fertilized and develop into a brief larval stage, at which time the animals are bright red, planktonic and called a "pentacula". By the end of May the larvae have evolved into juveniles and settled to the bottom. From here on we know very little about the age and growth of the sea cucumber. After settlement the juveniles appear to hide among the rocks until they are 2"-3" long. Here they are relatively safe from predators and commercial drags. Practically nothing is known about the rate at which they grow or how long they live, except that their life span does appear to exceed seven years. The age at sexual maturity may be 4 to 5 years but that is not more than an educated guess. THE RESOURCE Like many previously underutilized resources for which markets emerge suddenly, there has been practically no population information collected on sea cucumbers. The size of the population, the time it takes for year classes to grow to sexual maturity and to commercial size and the rate at which populations are being exploited are pieces of information that are needed to make rational management decisions. From all reports there are large areas of bottom along the coast where sea cucumbers are abundant and for now the fishery is exploiting virgin stock. The only regulations that apply to this fishery are the requirement to have a commercial harvesters license, a drag no larger than 5'6", and no nighttime dragging. The drag size limit was implemented to avoid conflict between cucumber harvesters and lobstermen. In contrast to Maine's emerging fishery, Washington State has an established cucumber fishery that is harvested by divers. It began to decline due to overfishing in the late 1980's. At that time several measures were put into place that seems to have stabilized the resource. These measures included a six month fishing season, limited entry, and a rotation of harvest between four areas to give the resource a 3 1/2 year period for reproduction. Pressure on the sea cucumber resource is likely to increase in the future, given the viability of the market and the likely shift in effort from other Maine fisheries that have been overexploited. The choice will be to harvest as much as the demand will allow, make the money as long as the resource lasts and then move on, or to harvest in a more limited way and have a stable resource available over time. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following references are available at the Maine Department of Marine Resources Laboratory at Boothbay Harbor. Conand, C. and M. Byrne. 1993. A review of recent developments in the world sea cucumber fisheries. Mar. Fish. Rev. 55(4): 1-13. Jordan, J. A. 1972. On the ecology and behavior of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothoroidea) at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Phd Thesis. University of Maine, Orono, ME. Pawson, D.L. 1977. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeast United States. Echinodermata: Holothoroidea. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular #405.