Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Connecting the SOFR Curve to SOFR Swaps

Connecting the SOFR Curve to SOFR Swaps

In my last blog, I wrote about my experience with building the SOFR curve. Now FINCAD F3 can handle any instrument market data for curve building. But at the moment an important question is, “Which instruments are the right ones to use to build the SOFR curve?
Right now, the market for SOFR-linked derivatives is just starting to take shape, and market quotes are becoming available for CME SOFR futures and SOFR swaps. There are three types of swaps that are being traded: SOFR OIS, SOFR-FF basis swaps, and SOFR-Libor basis swaps. The first one is an overnight indexed swap which pays SOFR versus fixed, and the last two are basis swaps between SOFR and either the Fed Funds effective rate (FF) or Libor.

The odd thing about introducing SOFR as an alternative benchmark interest rate is that, for now, it makes the USD rate basis much more complicated. This is because it adds two new basis spreads between FF/SOFR and Libor/SOFR, in addition to the previous FF/Libor basis. So now there are many possible ways to build the SOFR curve. These include:

Single curve-building:

  1. Use FF OIS to build the Fed Funds effective rate curve.
  2. Use ED futures and Libor swaps to build the 3-month Libor curve.
  3. Use SOFR futures and either SOFR OIS, FF/SOFR basis, or Libor/SOFR basis to build the SOFR curve.

Global curve-building:

  1. Use ED futures, Libor swaps, FF OIS, FF/Libor basis swaps, SOFR futures, and either SOFR OIS, FF/SOFR basis, or Libor/SOFR basis to simultaneously build the 3-month Libor curve, Fed Funds effective rate curve, and SOFR curve.
For many people, their instinct would be that building the curves individually is the easiest. However, the dual dependence of the FF OIS and FF/SOFR basis swaps on the OIS discount and SOFR curves creates a curve construction problem, which necessitates a global solver.
As mentioned in my previous post, I chose to use the global method, because it is actually easier to just let F3 automatically determine how to solve the curves from the instruments selected. This approach also allows using the FF/Libor basis for longer maturities, since often the Fed Funds OIS is not as liquid. But there is still a big question here, “Which SOFR instruments should we choose?”
Imagine swapping Fed Funds into Libor and then swapping Libor exposure into SOFR. Now compare this with swapping Fed Funds into SOFR directly. The question about the new SOFR basis is, “Does it roundtrip so we get the same SOFR in both cases?” The answer right now is that there is not enough trading on SOFR derivatives to closely round-trip these two ways of swapping Fed Funds into SOFR. The symptom of SOFR illiquidity is large bid-ask spreads in the market quotes for basis swaps on SOFR, so that by using mid-quotes as market data, the SOFR curve will look a little different in the two cases.
A recent summary of SOFR swap trading volumes shows that there is a lot of uncertainty regarding where the volume will show up in SOFR-linked derivatives. It is expected that they will become traded more as time goes on, and competitive markets will result in smaller bid-ask spreads. But we don’t know which swaps will be the best to build the SOFR curve. Surely with Libor going away we shouldn’t rely too much on Libor/SOFR basis swaps, but whether the future will show volumes in the FF/SOFR basis or SOFR OIS is unknown. This is another good reason to have a global curve-building solution which can handle any and all instruments you throw at it. Such an approach will help you react quickly to changes in trading volume in SOFR derivatives to continue building the most accurate SOFR curve possible.
In case you missed it, you can check out my previous SOFR blog post here, “Building a SOFR Curve was Easy.” Also, be on the lookout for my next post, “Eliminating the SOFR Basis: What Do We Lose?

About the author
Bin Hou's picture

Bin Hou

Senior Financial Engineer, FINCAD
Bin is a member of the Financial Engineering Hub in Vancouver. Since he joined FINCAD in 2013, Bin has made contributions to FINCAD products through conducting model validations and encoding the best market practice in examples and documents.
Bin holds a Master of Science in Finance degree from Simon Fraser University. He is also a CFA® and FRM® charterholder.


Thursday, December 5, 2019

SABR/LIBOR Market Mode

For which class of instruments the SABR/LIBOR Market Model does perform better than the classical LIBOR Market Model?

The LIBOR Market Model

The LIBOR Market Model — also known as Brace, Gatarek, Musiela model — is an interest rate model capable of reproducing the correlation structure of forward rates. One-factor models are unable to reproduce this structure and therefore cannot price accurately derivatives whose prices reflect these correlations. A typical example of such derivatives are swaps paying a non-linear function of the difference two swap rates for two different maturities.
The model is constructed by using a family of LIBOR rates:
, where is LIBOR forward rate starting at and ending at , following

The SABR LIBOR-Market Model

An important flaw of the LMM is known as sticky volatilities: if the model is calibrated in a highly volatile market it assumes that this high volatility lasts forever, which leads to inaccurate results.
The SABR LMM attempts to address this issue. In this model, each LIBOR rate is assumed to follow a log-normal dynamic having stochastic volatility:


Tuesday, August 20, 2019

No One Is Buying Your Real Estate Token

No One Is Buying Your Real Estate Token

Summary
Tokenized Real Estate Lacks Features for Success.
Product-Market Fit Remains Deficient.
These Offerings Are Instructive in Seeking Better Offerings.
Token Example Tokenized real estate has long been discussed as a leading use for digital securities. Yet, really no successful sales have taken place. Some of the most notable and widely marketed projects were pre-arranged to signal successful optics and had side deals to incentivize investment. Though tokenized real estate will eventually emerge, the benefits over existing financial offerings do not yet offer the level of value needed to overcome market inertia and successfully scale.
It’s no surprise that many real estate owners have an interest in selling their property via a digital security fundraise. By “fractionalizing,” breaking down investments into smaller pieces, real estate sellers can ask for higher prices than they would selling wholesale. Or alternatively, those that can not find buyers in traditional markets turn to digital securities as a last resort à la adverse selection.
Though this looks attractive to sellers, who would buy these offerings? Consider the typical profile of a real estate investor - conservative, interested in wealth preservation, sensitive to margin costs. Generally, they do not want what most perceive to be experimental investment technology. Furthermore, with the extant availability of public REITs, fund managers, real estate crowdfunding, and direct investments, the benefits of liquidity and access to foreign inventory espoused by many security token evangelists are already available. The short-term benefit to the investor is marginal at best and comes with a high degree of perceived technology risk.
Ultimately, the real estate asset class suffers from the lack of high upside to achieve product-market fit. A great real estate investment for a passive investor might yield 20% a year. Why take all of this perceived risk and adopt a new behavior when available investments can offer similar returns without the unknowns? Due to adverse selection, existing public and private market dynamics, and investor characteristics, it’s hard to find a scenario by which both sides of the transaction could find value meaningful enough to exceed the threshold for adopting a new behavior.
The pool of digital security investors today is small and comprised of, predominantly, blockchain/ICO-savvy investors. These people, still nostalgic for their +1000% 2017 returns, have a high-risk tolerance, want high-returns, and understand technology. They don’t want an 8% fixed-income real estate debt product.
The primary exception to this may be those in countries with tight capital controls (aka China), that want to expatriate their wealth into stable, foreign assets. In this case, the primary benefit of security token real estate, in short, is the ability to hide the movement of capital from their government. I don’t know about you, but hiding cash for the wealthy and circumventing national governments is not why I got involved with blockchain.
Though real estate digital securities remain weak, their use-case provides a helpful tool in exploring what a good investment would look like. A “good” deal must benefit both parties in a transaction. The product-market unfit of Real Estate and Security Tokens raises the question of what, currently, a good deal would look like? What is the ideal security token?
Ideally, digital security or not, the best investment has no risk and infinite upside. Though such a perfect investment is unattainable, features like downside risk protection (which can take many forms), a known industry, and available liquidity can help to move an offering in the right direction. At the same time, blockchain-based ownership needs to offer some unique capability that necessitates a digital security approach. This could take the form of high-complexity financial structures, streamlined asset diligence, or blended “utility token” benefits offering added value. This isn’t real estate.
Revenue streams backed by equity or a bond or other conversion options may offer one strong example. In this case, a company may offer investment into a new product-line or intellectual property asset and, if the upside doesn’t manifest (as measured by some predetermined milestone), offer conversion into company equity or other available assets. If successful, the company could finance their CAPEX needs on better terms and without diluting shareholders while investors could gain exposure to high-upside in an otherwise unavailable investment. Additional benefit could come in broadening company exposure or markets via this fundraise as well.
For example, imagine an investment into the future revenues of a new model of SpaceX rocket. The capital intensive requirements for creating such a technology would typically lead to equity dilution and less internal control of the business. In an STO raise, SpaceX could engage the public, find financing on better terms, avoid dilution, and offer high returns upon the successful commercialization of the product. In the event of failed commercialization, investors could convert into the equity of SpaceX at some pre-defined conversion ratio. Compared to the compromises made via traditional means of financing, this approach could make sense.
The market will surely mature. A blockchain-based security can ultimately offer all the features of existing securities with additional ones - reducing costs and increasing distribution. They are fundamentally better. However, incremental benefit in an immature market, like a real estate token, will not catalyze a seismic shift in capital markets. The potential future benefits for portfolio managers of real estate is clear, but how to jumpstart this marketplace remains murky. Real estate is just kinda boring.
Regulatory compliance is unavoidable and important, but those in the industry (myself included) could gain from asking more often, what do people actually want? The ICO world is imperfect, but the stodgy ethos of STOs - middle-aged white men in blazers, their lawyers ever by their side, talking in finance jargon about tranches of multi-asset EB5 blah blah blah - could benefit from the creativity, boldness, and fun of the crypto-craze that got us here.
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The views and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Atomic Capital, Inc. This is not intended as investment advice. Any content provided is not intended to malign any religion, ethic group, club, organization, company, individual or anyone or anything.

What is an Asset-Backed Token? A Complete Guide to Security Token Assets

What is an Asset-Backed Token? A Complete Guide to Security Token Assets.

Feb 15 · 11 min read

Friday, June 29, 2018

China's penetration of Silicon Valley creates risks for startups

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Danhua Capital has invested in some of Silicon Valley’s most promising startups in areas like drones, artificial intelligence and cyber security. The venture capital firm is based just outside Stanford University, the epicenter of U.S. technology entrepreneurship.
FILE PHOTO: Stanford University's campus is seen in an aerial photo in Stanford, California, U.S. on April 6, 2016. REUTERS/Noah Berger/File Photo
Yet it was also established and funded with help from the Chinese government. And it is not alone.
More than 20 Silicon Valley venture capital firms have close ties to a Chinese government fund or state-owned entity, according to interviews with venture capital sources and publicly available information.
While the U.S. government is taking an increasingly hard line against Chinese acquisitions of U.S. public companies, investments in startups, even by state-backed entities, have been largely untouched.
That may well be poised to change as the U.S. Congress finalizes legislation that dramatically expands the government’s power to block foreign investment in U.S. companies, including venture investments.
The new law would give the U.S. government’s Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) wide latitude to decide what sorts of deals to examine, eliminating certain ownership thresholds, with a particular focus on so-called “critical” technologies.
“The perception is that a lot of the tech transfer of worry to the U.S. security establishment is happening in the startup world,” said Stephen Heifetz, a former member of CFIUS and now a lawyer representing companies going through CFIUS review.
Sponsored
The latest version of the bill exempts “passive” investors, which would cover many of the limited partners that back venture firms. But limited partners that have some control over the business, or firms whose managing partner is a “foreign person”, could be subject to scrutiny.
The university endowments and family offices that traditionally provide most of the money for venture firms are usually one of many limited partners and have minimal if any involvement in the startups they help fund.
Chinese entities also sometimes take a passive role in big venture funds. But venture capital sources say that Chinese government funds often play a more influential role in the smaller venture firms they back by providing a greater percentage of their funding. That empowers them to request information about startups or help them to open offices in China - potentially opening those startups to CFIUS review.
The possibility of a regulatory crackdown has caused unease in the startup world. Venture firm Andreessen Horowitz is counseling startups that if they raise money from a China-backed investor, they put themselves at risk of government scrutiny, a person with knowledge of the matter said.
“The window for some startups to raise money from China may be closing,” said Chris Nicholson, co-founder of AI company Skymind, which has raised money from Chinese Internet group Tencent Holdings Ltd and a Hong Kong family office.

SENSITIVE AREAS

Until recently, the original source of funds for venture investments has not been an issue in Silicon Valley. Venture firms are not obliged to disclose who their investors are and entrepreneurs rarely ask, leading some dealmakers to question how CFIUS could keep tabs on startup investing.
Danhua Capital, which is backed by the Zhongguancun Development Group, a state-owned enterprise funded by the Beijing municipal government, has holdings in some of the most sensitive technology sectors.
Its investments include data management and security company Cohesity, which counts the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Air Force among its customers. Drone startup Flirtey, which in May was selected by the U.S. Department of Transportation to participate in projects to help the agency integrate drones safely into U.S. air space, is also part of the Danhua portfolio.
Shoucheng Zhang, Danhua’s founder and a Stanford University physics professor, declined to answer specific questions from Reuters. In an email, he said: “Most of our (limited partners) are publicly listed companies in New York or Hong Kong stock exchanges. We will of course fully comply with any legislations and regulations.”
Cohesity declined to comment. A spokeswoman for Flirtey said Danhua’s minority investment did not come with any information rights or a board seat, and the firm is not involved in Flirtey’s operations.
“We would not knowingly accept money from the Chinese government; we take investment from Delaware-registered, Silicon Valley-based venture capital firms,” the spokeswoman said.
She added that Flirtey would support any new “mandate that investors must disclose if they have any form of backing from government entities, to help ensure there is never a question in the future.”
The practice of investing through layers of funds, known as funds of funds, can make it all but impossible to know where money is coming from. Westlake Ventures, backed by the Hangzhou city government in eastern China, invests in at least 10 other Silicon Valley venture funds, including Palo-Alto based Amino Capital.
Larry Li, founder and managing partner at Amino Capital, said he took the money that was on offer when he launched his fund in 2012. He said he felt his firm wasn’t the kind of known quantity that could tap the big pensions and endowments.
“We weren’t going to the Harvard endowment or Yale endowment; that’s like mission impossible,” Li said. “You need to have some special source of funds to get started.”
China-backed funds include Oriza Ventures, which belongs to the investment arm of the Suzhou municipal government, and has backed AI and self-driving car startups. SAIC Capital, the venture arm of state-owned auto company SAIC Motor, has invested in Silicon Valley autonomous driving, mapping and artificial intelligence startups.
Even well-known startup accelerator 500 Startups raised part of its main fund from the Hangzhou government.
500 Startups and Oriza declined to comment, while SAIC did not respond to a request for comment.
Capital controls have slowed the flow of Chinese money into the United States since 2016, but sources say venture investments have been more resilient than sectors like real estate, in part due to the Chinese government’s focus on improving its domestic high-tech industry.

‘CROWN JEWELS’

U.S. politicians suspicious of China’s intentions were galvanized by a Department of Defense report released last year that warns that Chinese venture investors are accessing “the crown jewels of U.S. innovation.”
The report helped guide Sen. John Cornyn, a Texas Republican who sponsored the Senate version of the CFIUS reform bill, people with knowledge of the matter said. A spokeswoman said Cornyn “is especially concerned with Chinese state-backed venture capital investments.”
But the report was also panned by many private sector experts as overly simplistic and fear-mongering.
For now, at least, President Donald Trump has backed away from his declared intention to clamp down on a wide range of Chinese technology investments through a special emergency order, saying he would leave the job to CFIUS. But if Congress fails to pass the bill quickly, Trump said he would use his executive powers.
Reporting by Heather Somerville in San Francisco. Additional reporting by the Shanghai newsroom.; Editing by Jonathan Weber and Martin Howell.